diff --git a/src/encoder/encoder.c b/src/encoder/encoder.c
index d3b999a..86c5263 100644
--- a/src/encoder/encoder.c
+++ b/src/encoder/encoder.c
@@ -23,13 +23,15 @@ error_t *const err_encoder_not_implemented =
 error_t *const err_encoder_unexpected_length =
     &(error_t){.message = "Unexpectedly long encoding"};
 
-error_t *encoder_alloc(encoder_t **output) {
+error_t *encoder_alloc(encoder_t **output, ast_node_t *ast) {
     *output = nullptr;
     encoder_t *encoder = calloc(1, sizeof(encoder_t));
 
     if (encoder == nullptr)
         return err_allocation_failed;
 
+    encoder->ast = ast;
+
     error_t *err = symbol_table_alloc(&encoder->symbols);
     if (err) {
         free(encoder);
@@ -213,15 +215,12 @@ static inline uint8_t modrm_rm(uint8_t modrm, register_id_t id) {
     return (modrm & ~modrm_rm_mask) | (id & 0b111);
 }
 
-/**
- * Perform the initial pass over the AST. Records all symbols and sets the
- * values of registers and numbers.
- */
-error_t *encoder_first_pass(encoder_t *encoder, ast_node_t *node) {
+error_t *encoder_collect_info(encoder_t *encoder, ast_node_t *node,
+                              ast_node_t *statement) {
     error_t *err = nullptr;
 
     if (encoder_is_symbols_node(node))
-        err = symbol_table_update(encoder->symbols, node);
+        err = symbol_table_update(encoder->symbols, node, statement);
     else if (node->id == NODE_NUMBER)
         err = encoder_set_number_value(node);
     else if (node->id == NODE_REGISTER)
@@ -230,7 +229,33 @@ error_t *encoder_first_pass(encoder_t *encoder, ast_node_t *node) {
         return err;
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < node->len; ++i) {
-        error_t *err = encoder_first_pass(encoder, node->children[i]);
+        error_t *err =
+            encoder_collect_info(encoder, node->children[i], statement);
+        if (err)
+            return err;
+    }
+
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Perform the initial pass over the AST.
+ *
+ * - Collect information about the operands
+ *   - parse and set number values
+ *   - set the register values
+ *   - determine if label references are used by an instruction
+ * - encode instructions that don't use label references
+ * - determine estimated addresses of each statement
+ *
+ */
+error_t *encoder_first_pass(encoder_t *encoder) {
+    ast_node_t *root = encoder->ast;
+    assert(root->id == NODE_PROGRAM);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < root->len; ++i) {
+        ast_node_t *statement = root->children[i];
+        error_t *err = encoder_collect_info(encoder, statement, statement);
         if (err)
             return err;
     }
@@ -485,7 +510,9 @@ error_t *encoder_encode_instruction(encoder_t *encoder,
  * placeholder values for label references because instruction size has not
  * yet been determined.
  */
-error_t *encoder_encoding_pass(encoder_t *encoder, ast_node_t *root) {
+error_t *encoder_second_pass(encoder_t *encoder) {
+    ast_node_t *root = encoder->ast;
+
     for (size_t i = 0; i < root->len; ++i) {
         if (root->children[i]->id != NODE_INSTRUCTION)
             continue;
@@ -515,12 +542,12 @@ error_t *encoder_check_symbols(encoder_t *encoder) {
     return nullptr;
 }
 
-error_t *encoder_encode(encoder_t *encoder, ast_node_t *ast) {
-    error_t *err = encoder_first_pass(encoder, ast);
+error_t *encoder_encode(encoder_t *encoder) {
+    error_t *err = encoder_first_pass(encoder);
     if (err)
         return err;
     err = encoder_check_symbols(encoder);
     if (err)
         return err;
-    return encoder_encoding_pass(encoder, ast);
+    return encoder_second_pass(encoder);
 }
diff --git a/src/encoder/encoder.h b/src/encoder/encoder.h
index 45d34d7..39311bb 100644
--- a/src/encoder/encoder.h
+++ b/src/encoder/encoder.h
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 typedef struct encoder {
     symbol_table_t *symbols;
+    ast_node_t *ast;
 } encoder_t;
 
 constexpr uint8_t modrm_mod_memory = 0b00'000'000;
@@ -16,8 +17,8 @@ constexpr uint8_t modrm_reg_mask = 0b00'111'000;
 constexpr uint8_t modrm_rm_mask = 0b00'000'111;
 constexpr uint8_t modrm_mod_mask = 0b11'000'000;
 
-error_t *encoder_alloc(encoder_t **encoder);
-error_t *encoder_encode(encoder_t *encoder, ast_node_t *ast);
+error_t *encoder_alloc(encoder_t **encoder, ast_node_t *ast);
+error_t *encoder_encode(encoder_t *encoder);
 void encoder_free(encoder_t *encoder);
 
 extern error_t *const err_encoder_invalid_register;
diff --git a/src/encoder/symbols.c b/src/encoder/symbols.c
index 29f5330..0095fce 100644
--- a/src/encoder/symbols.c
+++ b/src/encoder/symbols.c
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ EXPORT       |           |          |   ERR    |          |
 -------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
 */
 
-bool symbol_table_should_update(symbol_kind_t old, symbol_kind_t new) {
+bool symbol_table_should_upgrade(symbol_kind_t old, symbol_kind_t new) {
     if (old == SYMBOL_REFERENCE)
         return new != SYMBOL_REFERENCE;
     if (old == SYMBOL_LOCAL)
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ bool symbol_table_should_error(symbol_kind_t old, symbol_kind_t new) {
  * @pre The symbol _must not_ already be in the table.
  */
 error_t *symbol_table_add(symbol_table_t *table, char *name, symbol_kind_t kind,
-                          ast_node_t *node) {
+                          ast_node_t *statement) {
     if (table->len >= table->cap) {
         error_t *err = symbol_table_grow_cap(table);
         if (err)
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ error_t *symbol_table_add(symbol_table_t *table, char *name, symbol_kind_t kind,
     table->symbols[table->len] = (symbol_t){
         .name = name,
         .kind = kind,
-        .node = node,
+        .statement = statement,
     };
 
     table->len += 1;
@@ -130,23 +130,29 @@ error_t *symbol_table_add(symbol_table_t *table, char *name, symbol_kind_t kind,
     return nullptr;
 }
 
-error_t *symbol_table_update(symbol_table_t *table, ast_node_t *node) {
+error_t *symbol_table_update(symbol_table_t *table, ast_node_t *node,
+                             ast_node_t *statement) {
     char *name;
     symbol_kind_t kind;
     error_t *err = symbol_table_get_node_info(node, &kind, &name);
     if (err)
         return err;
 
+    if (kind != SYMBOL_LOCAL)
+        statement = nullptr;
+
     symbol_t *symbol = symbol_table_lookup(table, name);
     if (!symbol)
-        return symbol_table_add(table, name, kind, node);
+        return symbol_table_add(table, name, kind, statement);
     if (symbol_table_should_error(symbol->kind, kind))
         return err_symbol_table_incompatible_symbols;
-    if (symbol_table_should_update(symbol->kind, kind)) {
-        symbol->name = name;
+    if (symbol_table_should_upgrade(symbol->kind, kind)) {
         symbol->kind = kind;
-        symbol->node = node;
     }
+
+    if (kind == SYMBOL_LOCAL && symbol->statement == nullptr)
+        symbol->statement = statement;
+
     return nullptr;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/encoder/symbols.h b/src/encoder/symbols.h
index 9c4e7f7..ba0c144 100644
--- a/src/encoder/symbols.h
+++ b/src/encoder/symbols.h
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ typedef enum symbol_kind {
 typedef struct symbol {
     char *name;
     symbol_kind_t kind;
-    ast_node_t *node;
+    ast_node_t *statement;
 } symbol_t;
 
 typedef struct symbol_table {
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@ typedef struct symbol_table {
 
 error_t *symbol_table_alloc(symbol_table_t **table);
 void symbol_table_free(symbol_table_t *table);
-error_t *symbol_table_update(symbol_table_t *table, ast_node_t *node);
+error_t *symbol_table_update(symbol_table_t *table, ast_node_t *node,
+                             ast_node_t *statement);
 symbol_t *symbol_table_lookup(symbol_table_t *table, const char *name);
 
 #endif // INCLUDE_ENCODER_SYMBOLS_H_
diff --git a/src/main.c b/src/main.c
index fb00342..17d9335 100644
--- a/src/main.c
+++ b/src/main.c
@@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ error_t *print_encoding(tokenlist_t *list) {
         return result.err;
 
     encoder_t *encoder;
-    error_t *err = encoder_alloc(&encoder);
+    error_t *err = encoder_alloc(&encoder, result.node);
     if (err)
         goto cleanup_ast;
 
-    err = encoder_encode(encoder, result.node);
+    err = encoder_encode(encoder);
     if (err)
         goto cleanup_ast;